The Italian educational system of education and training is organized in accordance with the principles of subsidiarity and the autonomy of educational institutions.

The State has exclusive legislative competence for the “general rules on education” which it guarantees throughout the national territory.The State also defines the fundamental principles that the regions must respect.

The regions have concurrent legislative powers in the field of education and exclusive powers in the field of vocational education and training.
State educational institutions have autonomy in teaching, organization and research, experimentation and development.

Compulsory education lasts for 10 years, from 6 to 16 years of age, covering eight years of the first stage of education and the first two years of the second stage, which may be attended in secondary secondary school – state – or in regional vocational education and training.
In addition, for all young people the right/duty of education and training is applied for at least 12 years or, in any case, until the achievement of a three-year professional qualification by 18 years. of age.

Compulsory education can be carried out in state and peer schools, which constitute the public education system, but it can also be carried out in non-sparity schools or through family education. In the latter two cases, fitness examinations are required.

Parents are responsible for the fulfillment of the obligation of education of minors, while the supervision of the fulfilment of the obligation is provided by the municipalities of residence and school managers.
At the end of the period of compulsory education and in case the student does not continue his studies, a certification of the acquired skills is issued.

After passing the final state examination of secondary education of second degree, the student can access the courses of tertiary education (university, Afam and ITS). Some university courses are limited in number and students must pass an access test.

Article 33 of the Italian Constitution lays down two fundamental principles: the obligation for the State to offer a state education system to all young people and the right, for natural and legal persons, to set up schools and educational institutions without burdens for the State.

Equal opportunities schools are entitled to award qualifications of the same legal value as those of the corresponding State schools; they have full freedom with regard to cultural orientation and pedagogical benefit from a more favorable tax treatment if they are non-profit-making.

In Italy, family policies have developed relatively recently since overcoming the traditional social context, which saw the woman excluded from work outside the family context.
A universal and traditional providence provided to support workers with families, of an economic nature, is the Household Allowance (ANF). It is provided by the INPS to the households of certain categories of workers, pensioners and those entitled to economic benefits from employed employment.

The amounts granted shall be updated annually.

The allowance is paid by the employer, on behalf of the INPS, to employees in active employment, upon payment of remuneration.

The ANF shall be paid directly by the INPS if the applicant is:

• domestic service worker;
• registered in the Separate Management;
• fixed-term employed agricultural labourer;
• worker in discontinued or bankrupt firms;
• recipient of other social security benefits.

ANF are returned to the following subjects:

• employees in the private sector;
• agricultural employees;
• domestic and administered workers;
• workers enrolled in the Separate Management;
• employees of discontinued and bankrupt firms;
• pensioners covered by the Employee Pension Fund, special funds and former Enpals;
• persons in receipt of social security benefits;
• workers in other direct payment situations.

The allowance is paid from the first day of the period of pay or payment of the social security benefit if there are conditions for its payment (e.g., marriage celebration, birth of children).

The amount of the allowance is calculated on the basis of the type of household, the number of members and the total income of the household, calculated in relation to income produced in the calendar year preceding 1 July of each year and which have value until 30 June of the following year. Many health-related or compensation revenues are excluded from the calculation. The total income of the household must be at least 70% of the income from paid and assimilated work.

In addition to the Household Allowance, there are other economic benefits for families, the main ones being:

• allowance to households of municipalities;
• marriage leave allowance;
• ordinary purchase card;
• solidarity allowance;
• income from Inclusion.

In application of the principles set out in art. 38 of the Constitution, is established the Italian pension system which consists of a mechanism of redistribution of resources from the active population (taxpayers) provided for the following situations:

• citizens who no longer work for personal reasons and receive retirement/old-age pension;
• spouse and minor or disabled children or dependent heirs of a pensioner/worker who had acquired the right to a pension;
• people who are no longer able to participate actively in the working life of the country, receiving an invalidity pension;
• persons who do not have an income and have reached the age to receive a welfare pension.

The main requirements to be possessed to access the right to pension depending on the different types:

Retirement pension in kind:

• 67 years of age;
• 20 years of contributions paid

Pension for old age:

• 71 years (demographic adjustment requirement);
• payment of at least five years of contributions (excluding imputed contributions).

It is possible to access the social security benefit called “early retirement” even when you are not in possession of the registration requirement (minimum age), but provided you have accumulated a certain number of contributions.

The early retirement pension is payable to:

• men (employees or self-employed persons) with at least 42 years and 10 months of service as contributors, irrespective of age;
• to female workers, aged 41 years and 10 months or more, irrespective of age.

Workers who started work after 31 December 1995 have the possibility of obtaining early treatment at the age of 64 if they have two additional conditions:

• at least 20 years of actual contributions credited;
• have accrued a pension allowance of 2,8 times the monthly social allowance (EUR 459,83 x 2,8 = EUR 287,52 for 2020).

Survivor’s pension is a recognized pension in the event of the death of the pensioner (survivor’s pension) or the insured person (indirect pension) in favor of the surviving members of the family.
The survivor’s pension is a percentage of the pension (the percentage depends on the composition of the eligible family).

The indirect pension is recognized if the insured person has completed 15 years of insurance and contribution service or 5 years of insurance and contribution service of which at least 3 years in the 5 years preceding the date of death.

https://www.inps.it/nuovoportaleinps/home.htmhttps://www.inps.it/nuovoportaleinps/default.aspx?itemdir=50214

https://www.inps.it/NuovoportaleINPS/default.aspx?itemdir=50736&lang=IT

https://www.inps.it/nuovoportaleinps/default.aspx?itemdir=46067https://www.inps.it/NuovoportaleINPS/default.aspx?itemdir=50605&lang=IT

https://www.pensionielavoro.it/site/home/wikiprevidenza/cosa-si-ottiene/pensioni-di-anzianita-e-vecchiaia.html

In Italy, constitutional importance is given to the search for work in accordance with Article 4: “The Republic recognizes all citizens the right to work and promotes the conditions that make this right effective. Every citizen has the duty to carry out, according to his own possibilities and his own choice, an activity or a function that contributes to the material or spiritual progress of society.”

All sectors are accessible to European citizens, subject to the possession of the requirements to carry out a specific professional activity.

Those who want to go to Italy to carry out a research activity must know that the research system is made up of universities, public and private research bodies, while the state, through Miur (Ministry of Education, University and Research) promotes and supervises the Italian scientific and technological research activity. Therefore, researchers have first to get in touch with research institutions to find out any vacancies available:

LINK

https://www.researchitaly.it/

Home | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (cnr.it)

Elenco degli Istituti di Ricerca (cineca.it)

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Universitaly – L’Università italiana a portata di click

Murst – Valutazioni Comparative (miur.it)

To find job opportunities in sectors other than research, there is a two-tier system: public and private.

In order to facilitate the matching of labour supply and demand, a number of entities have been identified which are qualified to carry out active labour policy services in order to ensure certain principles such as transparency, equal access and free services for workers

The Employment Centre is the institutional body – under the Ministry of Labour – responsible for placing inactive (unemployed and unemployed) citizens at work. The Employment Centres operate on a provincial basis, networking with other services in the area (Municipalities, Guidance Centres, Training Centres, Schools, Universities) to plan active work policies. They are involved in planning specific project activities for the weakest categories of the labour market (young people, unemployed, women, immigrants, people with disabilities, etc.) in order to ensure equal opportunities
In Italy there are different types of employment agencies authorized by the ANPAL (National Agency for Active Employment Policies) to offer services related to labour demand and supply (the regulation is regulated by Legislative Decree of 10 September 2003, n. 276):

• “generalist” agencies of administration;
• “specialist” agencies of administration;
• brokerage agencies. They offer activities of mediation between job demand and supply: collection of curricula, pre-selection, promotion of training;
• research agencies and staff selection. They carry out consultancy activities aimed at identifying suitable applications to hold job positions on specific assignment of the client;
• professional relocation support agencies.

The person wishing to enter the labour market is obliged to issue the DID (declaration of immediate availability to work)which makes us available to work and to take part in initiatives for the active search for work. The DID can be completed directly online, at a Employment Centre or at a Patronage Institution.

Governed by Legislative Decree 30/2007 art. 6. 9, 10,11,12 and 13, Circular 39/2007 of the Ministry of the Interior, Law 129/2011 and Legislative Decree 286/98 art. 29.

The right of residence in Italy for family reunification with a communitarian citizen shall be granted to a spouse, a partner who has contracted a registered partnership under the legislation of a Member State, direct descendants under 21 years of age or dependent and those of their spouse or partner, dependent direct relatives in the ascending line or those of their spouse or partner and any other family members if they are dependent or living together in the country of origin and for health reasons require the Community citizen to assist them. However, the Community citizen who has the right of residence must demonstrate that he or she has an adequate income equal to the annual amount of the social allowance plus half for each member of his or her family with whom he or she wishes to be reunited.

If the family member is a Community citizen can enter Italy without fulfilling any formalities and then go to the municipality for the certificate of registration with a certified identity document that attests the relationship, the personal certificate of the relative of the Community and the proof of the availability by the latter of sufficient economic resources for himself and for his family members.

If the family member is a non-EU citizen as a result of the entry into force of Law 129/2011 can enter Italy with exemption of entry visa. Once you have entered Italy you must go to the counters of the competent police station depending on the place of residence to apply for the residence card for relative of EU citizen who is valid for 5 years demonstrating the relationship. After the age of 5, you are entitled to a permanent residence card for family members of European citizens. The application must be submitted directly to the Questura before the expiry of the period of validity of the residence card and is issued within 90 days free of charge unless the cost of the printed matter is refunded. In the case of a member of the family – not included among those previously mentioned – dependent on or living with the Community citizen in the country of residence, a self-declaration of the citizen of the Union certifying the status of dependent or cohabiting family member or the existence of serious health reasons which require personal assistance from the Community citizen must be attached. In this case a visa will be issued for elective residence and you can ask for the issue of a residence permit for elective residence.

The relative of a Community citizen shall retain the right of residence even in the event of the death or departure of the family member who is entitled to stay.

If relatives are EU citizens, they retain their right of residence provided that they have completed the requirements for the right to permanent residence or can personally satisfy the requirements for staying in Italy.

If the member of the family is a non-Community national, he or she is entitled to remain if he or she has fulfilled the conditions for permanent residence and has stayed before the death of the member of the family for at least one year in Italy or proves that he or she is in employment and has sufficient resources for himself and his family. If there is no requirement to stay in Italy for at least one year before death, they can convert their residence card into a residence permit for work or study.
The relative of a Community citizen re