In addition to employment and self-employment there is the possibility of living training experiences within companies. The main ones are the internship and the apprenticeship.
A traineeship is a purely formative experience in the workplace that does not constitute a working relationship. Traineeships take place in all EU countries although there is no shared definition. Unifying features of the different forms of traineeships are:

• the preponderance of the training component;
• the practical element of learning-on-the-job;
• the temporary nature.

The aim of traineeships is to facilitate the transition to work education by providing practical experience and knowledge suitable for completing theoretical education.
Two forms of training:

• internship. It is a period of internship in the company inserted within a “training-professional” path, It is mandatory to complete a course of university or school education already started;
• extra-curricular internship. These are placement/reintegration paths that are accessed without age limits. It is aimed at persons without employment (or with special disadvantages (e.g. disabled, asylum seekers, etc.). Unlike the curricular internship, The extracurricular internship provides for a minimum mandatory remuneration, established at regional level, which can be increased according to the will of the Organization/ Company.

To activate an internship, an agreement is required between a promoter (university, high school, employment agency, brokerage agencies, etc.) and a host (company, professional study, cooperative, public body, etc.)accompanied by a training plan.

The apprenticeship is a fixed-term employment contract of a minimum duration of 6 months, aimed at the employment of young people at the first job placement. Its main feature is its educational content. There are three types of apprenticeship:

• apprenticeship for vocational qualification and diploma, upper secondary education diploma and certificate of higher technical specialization (for young people between 15 and 25 years) allows the achievement of vocational qualification and may not exceed 3 years of duration;
• vocational apprenticeship or employment contract (18-29 years) may not exceed 3 years;
• apprenticeship for Higher Education and Research (18-29 years) enables research and practical activities to be carried out and is of varying duration in relation to the degree to be obtained.

At the end of the apprenticeship period the employer is free to withdraw from the contract, Alternatively he moves to contract indefinitely.

The Italian Constitution protects the self-employed and private economic initiative in the following articles:

• Art 41 Italian Constitution: “Private economic initiative is free. It cannot be carried out in contravention of social utility or in such a way as to harm security, freedom and human dignity. The law determines the appropriate programs and controls for public and private economic activity to be addressed and coordinated for social purposes.”

Self-employed people in the EU have free access to the labour market.
As an EU citizen, you are entitled to:

• start your own business (including individual) in any EU country; • establish a subsidiary of an existing company established in the EU and registered in an EU country. Requirements vary from country to country.

To start an independent enterprise or professional activity in Italy it is necessary to interface with the following subjects:

• Chamber of Commerce responsible for the territory – is the body that takes care of the obligatory registration to the register of the enterprises necessary for all the societies, cooperatives, consortia, entrepreneurs of agriculture, commerce and craft industries engaged in economic activities in the form of enterprises.
• Professional Associations – There are professional activities the exercise of which is permitted by law only after registration with professional associations or colleges (lawyers, engineers, architects, health professions, etc.). In some cases registration is possible as a result of procedures for the recognition of professional qualifications.
• Revenue Agency – It is the body that deals with tax audits and ensures compliance with tax obligations (payment of taxes) by citizens, businesses (https://www.agenziaentrate.gov.it/portale/imprese) and professionals (https://www.agenziaentrate.gov.it/portale/professionisti).
  There are various types of EU funding for start-ups. In order to identify which funding fits the specific needs, You can visit the Startup Europe Club website identifying possible forms of financing and take advantage of the Partnership Startup Europe platform to receive assistance to expand or develop the enterprise.

LINK 

https://www.inps.it/nuovoportaleinps/default.aspx?itemdir=51986

https://www.mise.gov.it/index.php/it/mercato-e-consumatori/titoli-professionali-esteri

http://www.retecamere.it/cciaa-iscrizione-camera-di-commercio/

https://www.laleggepertutti.it/169280_imprese-artigiane-come-iscriversi-allalbo

http://www.integrazionemigranti.gov.it/guidemultilingua/Documents/Integrazione/vademecum_titolidistudioCRS.pdf

http://images.al.camcom.gov.it/f/RegistroImprese/ca/casiparticolari.pdf

https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/index_it.htm

http://www.lineaamica.gov.it/avviare-una-impresa

In case of health problems, the person cannot work, some interventions are planned by the State. Here are the main ones.

The civil invalidity pension is an economic benefit granted to persons who for health reasons cannot work, who are recognized as having total incapacity for work and therefore 100% invalidity. All subjects who are between 18 and 67 years of age can apply.

In order to be entitled to the economic benefit, it is not necessary to have accrued a minimum number of contributions.

Ordinary invalidity allowance is an economic benefit provided by the INPS to persons with reduced working capacity to less than one third as a result of physical or mental disability. This is an economic benefit, the invalidity rate of which must be between 74% and 99%.
In this case it is necessary to have a minimum of social security contributions, equal to 5 years (260 weekly contributions), of which 3 in the five years preceding the date of submission of the application (156 weekly contributions).

Sickness benefit is awarded to workers when there is an illness leading to temporary incapacity for work.
The following are excluded:

• family workers (colf and cares);
• industrial employees;
• paintings (industry and crafts);
• managers;
• doorkeepers;
• self-employed.

The entitlement to sickness benefit begins, for all workers, on the fourth day (the first three, if provided for in the contract of employment, will be paid in full by the company) and ends with the expiry of the prognosis (end of illness) certified by the doctor, if this occurs within the maximum workplace retention limit (usually 180 days).

Any period of sickness resulting in hospitalization under ordinary or day-hospital arrangements shall also be eligible for compensation, provided that it is duly certified.

As a general rule, the allowance is paid to employees in the amount of 50% of the average daily wage from 4 months to 20 years. day and 66.66% from 21 years. to 180 days.
If you are unemployed and suspended from work, the allowance is reduced by two-thirds of the percentage provided.

In order to receive the benefit, you must be able to find yourself at home during the availability bands provided for by law, in order to be subject to checks to verify that you are actually temporarily unable to work.

In Italy, legal qualifications are issued by institutions authorized and accredited by the Ministry.
The Italian system is composed of:

• 97 University institutions of which 67 State Universities;
• 19 Legally recognized non-state universities;
• 11 Legally recognized non-State telematic universities.

On the website of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education and Research, you can find a lot of information about the University System and accredited University Institutions
There is a section dedicated to international mobility, with links to the NATO Internship Programme, internships abroad and also to incoming international students.
From the homepage of the Ministry’s website you can reach the “Universitaly” section where you can find all the useful information about: where to study, what to study, accredited universities, The costs and the courses available in English and a section dedicated to orientation for choosing the best course.

Enrolment at the university is subject to the payment of tuition fees.
The payment methods and deadlines are defined independently by each university;
The amount of fees varies from one university to another and depending on the chosen course.
Non-state universities are more expensive than public ones.
Usually the scientific degrees are more expensive as they also provide for the use of laboratories; also the enrolment to the courses of university Master and those of specialization provides for the payment of quite high fees.

Certain categories of students are exempted from paying taxes, for example in the case of scholarship winners and those who demonstrate particularly poor income conditions.

The following documentation is required to register for the University:

• application form, to be downloaded from the website of the University or collected at the secretariat;
• copy of the diploma;
• identity document and tax number;
• receipt of payment of the registration fee.

The main Italian titles are the Degree (1,” cycle). Such courses have a three-year duration
The Master’s Degree (2nd cycle) courses last for two years. Some courses (Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Medicine, Dentistry and Dental Prosthesis, Pharmacy and Industrial Pharmacy, Architecture and Engineering-Architecture, Law, Primary Education Sciences) are defined as “Master’s Degree courses in a single cycle”. The Phd (3 cycle) The Master’s degree gives access to the Phd and other courses of 3 cycle. The minimum duration is 3 years.

The Provincial Centres for Adult Education (CPIA) are used to teach Italian to foreigners.
They can enroll in the Provincial Centers for Adult Education:

• adults, including foreigners, who have not completed compulsory education and who wish to obtain the final qualification for the first stage of education;
• adults, including foreigners, who hold the final qualification of the first stage of education and who intend to obtain the final qualification of the second stage of education;
• foreign adults wishing to enroll in the Italian Language Literacy and Learning Pathways

The adult education courses of the CPIA, including those held at the institutions prevention and punishment, are organized in the following paths:

• literacy and learning of the Italian language (carried out by the CPIA).

The CPIA provide literacy and learning courses in the Italian language L2 (AALI) aimed at obtaining a qualification attesting knowledge of the language not lower than A2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Language Knowledge.
They can enroll in first level courses:

• adults, also with non-Italian citizenship, without the basic skills related to the obligation of education, referred to in the Ministerial Decree n.139/2007, or who are not in possession of the title of final study of the first cycle of education.

They can register for the second level courses:

• adults, including non-Italian nationals, who hold the final qualification of the first cycle of education.

You can enroll in the literacy and learning paths of the Italian language:

• adults of non-Italian nationality of working age, including those with educational qualifications obtained in their countries of origin.

Registration first level:

• the application shall be submitted by the adults concerned directly to the premises of the CPIA administrative unit, including through the “associated locations”.

Registration second level:

• the application must be submitted directly to the premises of the CPIA Teaching Unit (second-level dispensing points), that is to say to the educational institutions where the second-level courses are run.

They shall promptly forward copies to the CPIA Head Office. Applications for registration should, as a general rule, be submitted by 31 May and in any case not later than 15 October. However, applications submitted after the above deadline may be accepted.